{"id":584,"date":"2024-11-15T00:14:32","date_gmt":"2024-11-14T23:14:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/noria-research.com\/mxac\/?p=584"},"modified":"2024-11-15T17:07:48","modified_gmt":"2024-11-15T16:07:48","slug":"sembrando-vida-illicit-crop-cultivation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/noria-research.com\/mxac\/sembrando-vida-illicit-crop-cultivation\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018Sembrando Vida\u2019, Illicit Crop Cultivation and Rural Violence in Mexico"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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READ THE FULL REPORT<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Executive Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In February 2019, the Mexican federal government began implementing Sembrando Vida (Sowing Life). Considered one of the priority programs of the six-year term of Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador (AMLO), this policy sought to address two problems detected in rural areas of the country: poverty and environmental degradation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sembrando Vida consists of the distribution of a direct monthly support of 5,000 Mexican pesos to people who comply with a series of requirements, including a commitment, signed in writing, not to engage in \u201cillicit productive or commercial activities\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This last requirement points to the fact that, in certain regions of Mexico, Sembrando Vida, in addition to fighting poverty and preserving the environment, follows another unspoken objective: the voluntary substitution of illicit crops – mainly poppy and marijuana for legal crops and tree planting.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

By December 2021, 10% of Sembrando Vida\u2019s beneficiaries were located in 46 municipalities with a history of illicit crops distributed among Chihuahua, Sinaloa, Durango, Nayarit, Guerrero and Oaxaca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Mexico, the generation of legal economic alternatives and subsidies by the federal government, with a commitment not to get involved in illicit activities, is an unprecedented undertaking. After more than a century in which state policy focused exclusively on the forced eradication of crops – through aerial spraying or manual destruction – Sembrando Vida was intended as a departure from the traditional coercive policy to reduce the supply of illegal drugs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, three years after the program\u2019s launch, illicit crop destruction campaigns – also operated by the federal government – are far from over.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Between 2019 and 2021, the armed forces report having destroyed 35,419 hectares (ha) of poppy and 6,709 of marijuana as part of their \u201coperations to combat drug trafficking,\u201d which involve the deployment of around 3,500 elements throughout the year. Although these areas represent approximately half of what was destroyed during the previous three years – 74,511 ha of poppy and 12,371 of marijuana between 2016 and 2018 -, it should be noted that the proportion of the area destroyed increased after spraying with Paraquat, a non-selective herbicide banned in several countries for its potential harmfulness to health – from 15% between 2016 and 2018 to 20% between 2019 and 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Since the start of program implementation in these municipalities, we observed an overall reduction in the area planted with legal crops at the same time as an increase in production value<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Depending on the contexts, this trend reflects an increase in producer prices and\/or an improvement in yields, but no substantial change in the types of legal crops planted is observed. On the other hand, the areas of illicit crops destroyed by the authorities decreased, as a result of a possible reduction in the areas cultivated with poppy and marijuana and\/or a reduction in the efforts of the Armed Forces to destroy them. There was also a decrease in homicides in most municipalities, but an increase in the use of firearms to perpetrate them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, the research conducted for this report allowed us to identify information gaps that continue to hinder the understanding of the cultivation of plants declared illicit in Mexico<\/strong>, as well as the possible relationship of this phenomenon with the implementation of Sembrando Vida. First, the absence of open data at the municipal level on the cultivation – and not the destruction – of poppy and marijuana prevents us from monitoring the areas planted and harvested, yields or producer prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

These are basic variables for monitoring any type of crop and are collected by SIAP in the case of legal crops in Mexico<\/strong>. In other countries, they are also generated for declared illicit crops from satellite images and field work. In Colombia, for example, the Ministry of Justice and Law publishes annual data at the municipal level on the areas under cocaine cultivation and even the cartographic files with which it measures crop density are detected by the \u201cIntegrated Illicit Crop Monitoring System\u201d (SIMCI) since 1999 and with the support of UNODC (UNO- DC). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similarly, the project \u201cMonitoring Opium Production in Afghanistan\u201d, also promoted by UNODC, publishes data since 1994 on poppy production at the district level in that country. In Mexico, although there is a similar program – the project \u201cMEXK54 Monitoring System of Illicit Cultivation in the Mexican Territory\u201d – UNODC and the Mexican government only publish an annual report with aggregate estimates by region and no open data at the local level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Second, it should be noted that, although the Mexican federal government presents Sembrando Vida as a program that encourages voluntary substitution of illicit crops and that beneficiaries commit in writing not to engage in \u201cillicit activities,\u201d the truth is that, since its launch in 2019, this component is not formally mentioned in the program\u2019s rules of operation. Its inclusion is essential for external monitoring and evaluation of Sembrando Vida against previously established objectives and goals in the matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Finally, our report shows that it is essential for the Mexican federal government to be more open in accessing program data,<\/strong> so that external monitoring and evaluation of Sembrando Vida against previously established objectives and goals can be carried out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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10 Key Ideas from the Sembrando Vida Report<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. <\/mark><\/strong>In 2021, the Sembrando Vida program closed the year with around 449,939 beneficiaries, and by 2022, its budget amounted to 29.4 billion pesos, the fourth highest among the federal government\u2019s 30 priority programs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. <\/mark><\/strong> In certain regions of Mexico, Sembrando Vida, in addition to the fight against poverty and the preservation of the environment, follows another unspoken objective: the voluntary substitution of illicit crops for legal crops and the planting of trees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. <\/mark><\/strong><\/mark><\/strong> <\/mark><\/strong>Of 995 municipalities benefiting from Sembrando Vida, 46 have a history of illicit crops (our municipalities of interest), and these are located in Guerrero (15), Durango (9), Chihuahua (8), Sinaloa (6), Nayarit (4) and Oaxaca (4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. <\/mark><\/strong><\/strong><\/mark><\/strong><\/strong>Since the beginning of Sembrando Vida in municipalities with a history of illi- cit crops, the average legal area planted has been reduced and the types of legal crops planted have not changed substantially. This suggests that the program does not significantly encourage the introduction of new crops and the substitution of old legal or illegal crops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. <\/mark><\/strong><\/mark><\/strong><\/mark><\/strong>The Armed Forces, in turn, registered a reduction in the destruction of poppy and marijuana, although a proportionally greater use of aerial spraying since the beginning of the program in our municipalities of interest. However, this trend seems to be linked to factors unrelated to the program (fall in opium gum prices in particular).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. <\/mark><\/strong>The implementation of Sembrando Vida coincided with an overall reduction in homicide rates in our municipalities of interest. The annual homicide rate went from an average of 58 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants during the five years prior to the start of Sembrando Vida to 37 per 100,000 inhabitants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. <\/mark><\/strong>There is a possible increase in the availability of firearms and development of incentives and capacities to use firearms, since the implementation of the program also coincides with an increase in the proportion of homicides that are committed with a firearm, which went from 75% during the five years prior to Sembrando Vida to 77%, in our municipalities of interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. <\/mark><\/strong>Unlike Colombia or Afghanistan, in Mexico, we still lack data at the local level on the production of illicit crops, which forces us to approximate the phenomenon based on destruction records.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. <\/mark><\/strong><\/mark><\/strong>It is so far impossible to monitor and evaluate the voluntary substitution of illicit crops with the program, because although the official governmental communication presents Sembrando Vida as a program of voluntary substitution of illicit crops since 2019, specific goals and objectives have not yet been contemplated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. <\/mark><\/strong><\/mark><\/strong>It is essential for the Mexican federal government to be more open in accessing program data, so that external monitoring and evaluation of Sembrando Vida against previously established objectives and goals can be carried out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Paul Frissard Mart\u00ednez<\/a><\/strong> is the author of this report, and an independent consultant and fellow at Noria Research MXCA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The author would like to thank the people interviewed in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, who made this research possible.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Executive Summary In February 2019, the Mexican federal government began implementing Sembrando Vida (Sowing Life). Considered one of the priority programs of the six-year term of Andr\u00e9s Manuel L\u00f3pez Obrador (AMLO), this policy sought to address two problems detected in rural areas of the country: poverty and environmental degradation. Sembrando Vida consists of the distribution […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":202,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_molongui_author":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[364,360,335,362,356,334],"podcast":[],"project":[],"region":[15],"class_list":["post-584","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-article","tag-government-social-program","tag-illicit-crops","tag-mexico","tag-rural-development-5","tag-sembrando-vida-4","tag-substitution-of-illicit-crops","region-americas"],"yoast_head":"\n\u2018Sembrando Vida\u2019, Illicit Crop Cultivation and Rural Violence in Mexico - Noria MXCA<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mexico & Central America Sembrando Vida: Municipalities With Histories of Illicit Crop Cultivation\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/noria-research.com\/mxac\/sembrando-vida-illicit-crop-cultivation\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u2018Sembrando Vida\u2019, Illicit Crop Cultivation and Rural Violence in Mexico - 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