{"id":235,"date":"2025-02-24T21:21:34","date_gmt":"2025-02-24T20:21:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/noria-research.com\/africas\/?p=235"},"modified":"2026-02-16T12:30:29","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T11:30:29","slug":"seminaire-seance-n8-l-klein","status":"publish","type":"event","link":"https:\/\/noria-research.com\/africas\/fr\/event\/seminaire-seance-n8-l-klein\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u00e9minaire – S\u00e9ance n\u00b08 – L. Klein"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00c0 propos de Louise Klein<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Louise KLEIN est doctorante en sciences sociales au Centre Maurice-Halbwachs (CMH, CNRS-EHESS-ENS-INRAE) et au Laboratoire d\u2019anthropologie sociale (LAS, CNRS-Coll\u00e8ge de France-EHESS). Son travail porte sur les usages et les pratiques du \u00ab droit de l\u2019\u00c9tat \u00bb au Somaliland colonial et post-colonial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Discutante<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Docteure en science politique (Yaound\u00e9 II), Mireille MANGA EDIMO est chercheuse et professeure associ\u00e9e \u00e0 l’Institut des relations internationales du Cameroun (IRIC). Ses travaux portent notamment sur le r\u00f4le des organisations de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile, des diasporas et des internautes dans les processus politiques, ainsi que sur les transformations de la citoyennet\u00e9 et les politiques publiques dans les pays des Suds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Retour sur la communication<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n
Axe 1 – Legs coloniaux et perspectives d\u00e9coloniales<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Axe 2 – Dynamiques et transformations politiques<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Cette communication explore l’\u00e9volution du pluralisme juridique au Somaliland, du protectorat britannique (1880-1960) \u00e0 l’\u00e9poque contemporaine. L\u2019\u00e9tude met en lumi\u00e8re l\u2019interaction entre droit \u00e9tatique, droit islamique et droit \u00ab coutumier \u00bb en s\u2019appuyant sur des archives coloniales, des observations ethnographiques et des entretiens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Le pluralisme juridique au Somaliland : une construction historique<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le Somaliland, ancienne d\u00e9pendance britannique, a connu une succession de syst\u00e8mes juridiques. La p\u00e9riode coloniale (1880-1960)<\/em> voit l\u2019introduction du droit britannique inspir\u00e9 des codes indiens, qui coexiste avec le droit islamique et coutumier. Apr\u00e8s l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance (en 1960) s\u2019op\u00e8re une fusion juridique avec la Somalie italienne pour former un droit hybride. De 1969 \u00e0 1991, la dictature de Siyad Barre est marqu\u00e9e par une militarisation du syst\u00e8me judiciaire et de nombreuses attaques contre le droit dit \u00ab coutumier \u00bb et le droit islamique. Enfin, la s\u00e9cession du Somaliland en 1991 s\u2019accompagne d\u2019un retour aux bases juridiques pr\u00e9-1969, avec un fort pluralisme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Contrairement \u00e0 l’id\u00e9e d’un h\u00e9ritage colonial rigide, l\u2019\u00c9tat colonial a donc lui-m\u00eame contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 structurer ce pluralisme en classant et hi\u00e9rarchisant les pratiques juridiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. L\u2019imbrication du droit p\u00e9nal et du droit \u00ab coutumier \u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historiquement, le Somaliland oscille entre responsabilit\u00e9 individuelle (droit p\u00e9nal) et responsabilit\u00e9 collective (droit \u00ab coutumier \u00bb). Un exemple frappant est le traitement des homicides et des violences. Le syst\u00e8me colonial a introduit la peine de mort, mais la diya<\/em> (compensation collective) a perdur\u00e9. Aujourd\u2019hui, le droit \u00e9tatique et le droit coutumier coexistent dans la gestion des conflits. Un accus\u00e9 peut \u00eatre condamn\u00e9 p\u00e9nalement tout en devant verser une compensation \u00e0 la victime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Les tribunaux somalilandais d\u00e9l\u00e8guent souvent les affaires \u00e0 une r\u00e9solution extrajudiciaire bas\u00e9e sur le droit islamique ou celui dit \u00ab coutumier \u00bb, ne les traitant qu\u2019en dernier recours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Contestations et r\u00e9formes des juridictions p\u00e9nale et \u00ab coutumi\u00e8re \u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Depuis la p\u00e9riode coloniale, certaines \u00e9lites demandent la suppression de la diya<\/em> et un renforcement du droit p\u00e9nal. Aujourd\u2019hui, cette revendication porte surtout sur la criminalisation du viol, souvent trait\u00e9 par des accords coutumiers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parmi les r\u00e9formes r\u00e9centes, une directive de 2014 du procureur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral interdit les r\u00e8glements extrajudiciaires pour les cas de viol, mais son application reste limit\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diverses tentatives de r\u00e9forme du droit dit \u00ab coutumier \u00bb se d\u00e9veloppent. En particulier, un projet d\u2019harmonisation avec le droit islamique et les droits humains a \u00e9t\u00e9 initi\u00e9, mais sans v\u00e9ritable impact sur les pratiques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conclusion : Un h\u00e9ritage juridique en mutation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Le droit postcolonial somalilandais n\u2019est ni une simple greffe du droit colonial ni un mod\u00e8le fig\u00e9. Il est le produit d\u2019une construction historique, o\u00f9 chaque p\u00e9riode a remodel\u00e9 les relations entre les diff\u00e9rents ordres juridiques. Les r\u00e9formes actuelles, frein\u00e9es par des int\u00e9r\u00eats concurrents et un financement international fragment\u00e9, illustrent la difficult\u00e9 d\u2019uniformiser un syst\u00e8me juridique profond\u00e9ment hybride.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rences bibliographiques<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  • Andreetta, S. (2018). \u00ab Saisir l’\u00c9tat \u00bb. Les conflits d’h\u00e9ritage, la justice et la place du droit \u00e0 Cotonou<\/em>, Louvain-la-Neuve, Academia-L’Harmattan.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Baczko, A. (2021). La guerre par le droit. Les tribunaux Taliban en Afghanistan<\/em>. Paris : CNRS \u00e9ditions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Benton, L. et Clulow, A. (2023). \u00ab Interpolity Law and Jurisdictional Politics \u00bb. Law and History Review<\/em>, p. 1-13<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Chanock, M. (1985). Law, Custom and Social Order. The Colonial Experience in Malawi and Zambia<\/em>. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Lewis, I. (1961). A Pastoral Democracy : A Study of Pastoralism and Politics among the Northern Somali of the<\/em> Horn of Africa<\/em>. London : Oxford University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Massoud, F. (2021). Shari\u2019a, Inshallah. Finding God in Somali Legal Politics<\/em>. Cambridge University Press.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • Shahar, I. et Yefet, K (2024). \u00ab Rethinking the Rethinking of Legal Pluralism : Toward a Manifesto for a Pluri-Legal Perspective \u00bb. Law and History Review<\/em> 42.2, p. 223-235.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":453,"featured_media":32200,"template":"","project":[14],"region":[86],"class_list":["post-235","event","type-event","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","project-seminaire-de-recherche","region-afrique"],"yoast_head":"\nS\u00e9minaire - S\u00e9ance n\u00b08 - L. Klein - Africas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/noria-research.com\/africas\/fr\/event\/seminaire-seance-n8-l-klein\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"S\u00e9minaire - S\u00e9ance n\u00b08 - L. 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